Hoe werkt waterstof?

Waterstof. Als je nog steeds wat glazig kijkt bij de term – water is inderdaad niet stoffig – dan wordt het hoog tijd om je in te lezen. Want waterstof maakt een opmars in het klimaatdebat sneller dan Nicki Minaj aan populariteit won onder middelbare scholieren.

Daarom: een snelcursus waterstof (twee minuten leestijd) met een introductie wat het nou precies is, waar je het voor kan gebruiken en wat de belangrijkste discussiepunten zijn. Ben je weer helemaal bij.

Wat is waterstof?

Waterstof is een gas dat je kunt omzetten naar elecktriciteit zonder CO2-uitstoot. Want het is ‘gewoon gemaakt van water’. Hoe dan? De scheikundige definitie van zuiver water (zuiverder dan dan die anderhalve liter die je per dag probeert binnen te krijgen) bestaat uit twee delen: waterstof en zuurstof ofwel H2O. Door middel van elektrolyse, simpel gezegd een proces waarbij je water onder stroom zet, kun je zuurstof en waterstof scheiden. Waterstof is een onschadelijk gas, het meest-voorkomende in het universum. Out there bestaan hele sterren volledig uit waterstof.

Als je waterstof vervolgens weer in aanraking brengt met zuurstof, komt er knetterveel energie vrij. Genoeg om een auto te laten rijden, een huis te verwarmen of een laptop op te laden. En dat allemaal zonder uitstoot, het enige restproduct is water. En wanneer je dus voor de elektrolyse alleen groene energie gebruikt, zoals wind- of zonne-energie, dan is waterstof CO2-neutraal. Dit wordt ook wel groene waterstof genoemd. Er zijn ook grijze en blauwe waterstof zo legt De Volkskrant uit en die zijn dan weer minder goed voor ons milieu.

Waterstof als opslag voor groene energie

En zo lijkt waterstof het nieuwe Eureka voor de energietransitie. Journalisten drommen zich enthousiast om de nieuwe cv-ketel op waterstof die onlangs werd gelanceerd. De Olympische Spelen in Tokyo zullen volledig draaien op waterstof en op de Noordzee wordt onderzocht of we de booreilanden en gasinfrastructuur kunnen omzetten naar een waterstof-infrastructuur.

Het grote voordeel van waterstof is dat je het kunt opslaan. Dat is momenteel de grote uitdaging van zonne- en windenergie: eenmaal opgewekt, moet deze energie meteen worden gebruikt. Wil je deze energie toch opslaan, dan heb je daarvoor een dure accu nodig. Duur als in, héél duur. Om heel Nederland één dag van opgeslagen elektriciteit te voorzien is 45 miljard euro nodig voor accu’s. We kunnen ook deze overtollige groene energie omzetten in waterstof. Dan kunnen we het later weer in aanraking brengen met zuurstof en zo energie opwekken wanneer we het nodig hebben.

In principe klopt dit verhaal maar er is wel een belangrijke kanttekening. Wanneer je elektriciteit gebruikt voor de elektrolyse van waterstof, dan heb je een rendement van 75 procent. Dat betekent dat 25 procent van de opgewekte energie verloren gaat om er waterstof van te maken. Het vervolgens terugzetten van waterstof naar energie geeft eenzelfde energieverlies. Dat is bijna de helft energieverlies.

In de aanbieding: een gasnetwerk

Groot voordeel (en discussiepunt voor de kenners) is dat we in Nederland nogal gek waren op gas. We hebben een heel pijpsysteem aangelegd in de Noordzee om gas te vervoeren; zonde om dit niet te gebruiken. Via de oude gasleidingen kan bijvoorbeeld met een paar aanpassingen waterstofgas worden vervoerd naar land.

En zo kan waterstof (in gasvorm) worden ingezet als vervanger voor aardgas. Het voorstel van hoogleraar Ad Van Wijk is om waterstofgas te maken met behulp van windenergie en dit te vervoeren via ons aardgas systeem. Dit kan dan ook worden gebruikt in de chemische industrie en voor het maken van staal wat een enorme bijdrage kan leveren aan onze klimaatdoelstellingen. Ook Ed Nijpels, voorzitter van het nationaal Klimaatakkoord is enthousiast: “Waterstof is de sleutel naar de klimaattransitie”.

Vervoer op waterstof

En autorijden dan? Hebben we net heel het land volgeplempt met snellaadstations en heeft je buurman toch maar een elektrische auto geleast vanwege de parkeerplekken, stappen we weer over op een nieuw systeem? Zou kunnen. Toyota en Hyundai hebben personenauto’s en waterbussen gelanceerd die volledig draaien op waterstof, Daimler en BMW zullen snel volgen.

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